i Bibi- Laćhes, tu Maro, sï tut so te des len. Haj pal-ël avera, ¿ʒanes vareso? ¿Tǐ dej, avel tǐ dej?
i Tamàra- ¿¿Voj, k-o abǎv na te avel?? Mi dej merel abǎvenqë, i angluni sï voj te avel... Sar pućhes?
i Bibi- Pućhav. O pàpu sï uć but phuro haj nasvalo, ći ʒanav sar aśtil te mekel les... Maj anglal, kana sàsas maj terno, vov ći mekèlas abǎv bixalo, phirèlas kilomètre te aresel, sikavèlas amenqë i rovli haj phenèlas: ita mo vordon, ći prinʒarel so sï avarìa... Haj k-o than, khëlèlas sar ternexar, ćaćes but bengalo sas mo dad...
i Tamàra- Vi akana sï bengalo! Ami tǐ phen, ¿naj bengali vi voj? Mothodǎs manqë o pàpu so kërèlas kana sàsas cïkni...
i Bibi- Ee – ʒanav! Duj ćhave duj ćha sas les, a i ćhej i cïkni maj baro beng sar ël duj ćhave... Ʒanav, śelvar aśundem kadaja gili... No, śukar, so kinel tǐ dej ël ternenqë?
i Tamàra- Phendǎs so kamel te kinel sastrn.
i Bibi- ¿Sastrn? ¿Savo sastrn? ¿Te këren pètala ël grastesqë? ¿Or ël xeresqë?
i Tamàra- Na, na kër tut dili! Bengali sànas vi tu, haj bengali aćhilǎn... Sastrn gadenqë, moj bibi, te den sastrn ël gada! Kamel te kinel lenqë sǎ i centràla: o sastrn, i bàza so tatǎrel o paj haj kërel abùrro thaj i phal.
i Bibi- Sï denipe la borǎqë, na ël duje ternenqë.
i Tamàra- Na, na, sï maj but denimos ël ʒamutresqë: ëkh – i bori ći biral kadaja butǐ, duj vov merel te del sastrn haj plus merel te iklǒl hurǎdo sar top-modèli, laćhǎrdo krèsto!!! Sar o pàpu ʒi akana...
Today's topic 1 >>
verb > imperfect
Click here to highlight the continuous past >>it is made with the particle sas added after the verb: phirel s/he walks, is walking > phirèlas s/he was walking, used to walk. The same is valid with the copula sem I am > sèmas I wasa – except at the third person: si s/he is > sas s/he was. Note that in colloquial speech, one may hear as or sa instead of the full form sas.
Today's topic 2 >>
The particle (postposition) denoting the beneficiary -qe
Click here to highlight >>
Padmad 8 provided you with both the A- and B-ćham of the personal pronouns (me, tu... & man, tut...). On the other hand, you have noticed in the previous padmadǎ expressions of beneficiary involving personal pronouns. Let us refresh our memory with the following table:
|
singular
|
plural
|
|
|
cf. padmad
|
|
cf. padmad
|
|
1-to
|
manqë for me
|
Nr. 2, 4, 5 & 8
|
amenqë for us
|
Nr. 7
|
|
2-to
|
tuqë for you
|
Nr. 4, 5 & 6
|
for you guys
|
not met so far
|
|
3-to
|
lesqë for him
|
Nr. 6 & 8
|
lenqë for them
|
Nr. 7
|
|
3-to
|
laqë for her
|
Nr. 2 & 8
|
You may infer immediately from this table that the particle added to the B-ćham of the pronoun indicates it represents the beneficiary of the action expressed by the verb and that accordingly the form meaning for youguys is tumenqe.
Languages express the relationship between the beneficiary of an action and the verb meaning this action in various ways: by means of a preposition (like English for Indira), a postposition (like Hindi Indira ko/kelie, Turkish Indira için or Hungarian Indiranak), an inflection (like Polish Indirze – beside the combination dla Indiry) or even different more exotic ways.
The Rromani solution is the postposition -që added to the B-ćham of the noun: e Indiraqë and it applies to all nouns, be they animate: ël ʒuklesqë, ël manuśesqë (sing.), ël manuśenqë (plural) or inanimate: ël khosnesqë, ël lovenqë .
GR Click here to see the tables and the different accidents of pronunciation occuring in the various Rromani vernaculars >>.
More >>
By the way you have probably noticed that the B-ćham of the article is e for all categories. As a result, the whole table of the article is as follows:
|
singular masc.
|
singular fem.
|
plural both genders
|
|
A-ćham
|
o
|
i
|
ël
|
|
B-ćham
|
ël
|
la
|
ël
|
