i Bibi- De man pàca, Tamaro. Te kamlǎn, śaj te këres pherǎsa tǎ diaça. Tut naj tut opr-ël phike i drez te ïnkǎres ʒivindo ëkh khër duje cïkne bengënça, save ćhućhǎren o śudarno angla so te pherav les...
i Tamàra- Oh, Bibi!e, na xolǎr tut mança, ći kamlem te azbavav tut... Ćaćes sï cëra dilimos kodova so phendem.
i Bibi- Na, naj ziand, nùmaj sem khii kana dav godǐ sǎ so sï man te kërav! Bićhalde palem lil katar-i kupatni, so sï te peravas i verànda i kaśtuni so vazdinǎm pal-o khër!
i Tamàra- Sosqë? Sï ëkh bërś ka kërden la! Ći phende khanć ʒi akana...
i Bibi- Phenen so nas laćhe ël lila so kërdǎm kana manglǎm i avtorizàcia. A me ʒanav so sas sǎ laćhe! Kërdǎm sǎ sar ël duj paśatune amare, o gaʒo zerves haj i phuri gaʒi daxnes kana kërde vi von penqi verànda.
i Tamàra- Te kamlǎn, avav tuça, kërdem butǐ trin ćhon k-i kupatni and-i Bìstrica. Śaj avel manqë khaëkh idèa xarani...
i Bibi- Mek, mek, kamlǒrri san. Mek te nakhël o abǎv. Ći kamav te lav man ël gaʒença akana haj te pharravav mo śero śele lilença. Dikhas i loś so tǒ kàko lel borǎ. Sï te dikhas amen bute Rromença so uć dumult ći dikhlǎm. Ći ʒal tǐ godǐ sar barǒn ël ćhave haj vi neve ćhavorre sï!
Today's topic 1 >>
verb > past of E-verbs
Padmad 10 introduced the verbal pivot, a form which in addition to its fonction corresponding to the English past passive participle, is used to form the basic past tense by replacing the buxlo endings by the personal endings learnt in padmad 5 as illustrated below:
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present tense Ēs
-av -as
-es -en
-el -en
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stem + d after verb stems
ending in -r, -n, -v, -l
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basic past tense Ās -em -ǎm
-ǎn -en
-ǎs -e
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stem + l after verb stems
ending in -s, -ś, -m, -ć, -ćh, -k, -kh
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Example with -d- (verbs ending in -r, -n, -v, -l) pherel to fill
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pherav pheras pheres pheren pherel pheren
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d
[pher-d-o filled, full]
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pher-d-em pher-d-ǎm pher-d-ǎn pher-d-en pher-d-ǎs pher-d-e
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Example with -l- (verbs ending in -s, -ś, -m, -ć, -ćh, -k, -kh) kamel to love
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kamav kamas kames kamen kamel kamen
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l [kam-l-o [be]loved]
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kam-l-em kam-l-ǎm kam-l-ǎn kam-l-en kam-l-ǎs kam-l-e
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Verbs with irregular pivot form the basic past tense in the same way: sutǒm, ćhitǒm.
Today's topic 2 >>
The particle (postposition) denoting the company or the instrument -ça
Padmad 8 provided you with both the A- and B-ćham of the personal pronouns and padmad 9 with the postposition -që expressing the beneficiary. On the other hand, you have noticed in the previous padmadǎ B-ćham pronouns stuck with a comparable postposition -ça meaning with. Let us refresh our memory with the following table:
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singular
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plural
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cf. padmad
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cf. padmad
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1-to
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mança with me
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Nr. 3 & here
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amença with us
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Nr. 4
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2-to
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tuça with you
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here
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with you guys
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not met so far
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3-to
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with him
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not met so far
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lença with them
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Nr. 10
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3-to
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with her
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not met so far
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You may infer that the missing forms ("not met so far") would be leça, laça and tumença
Click here to highlight the the occurences in this text >>Languages express the relationship between the company or the instrument of an action and the verb meaning this action in various ways: by means of a preposition (like English with Indira), a postposition (like U.P. Hindi Indira sath, Turkish Indira ile or Hungarian Indiraval), an inflection (like Polish combination z Indirą) or even different more exotic ways.
The Rromani solution is the postposition -ça added to the B-ćham of the noun: la Indiraça and it applies to all nouns, be they animate: la diaça, ël manuśeça (sing.), ël manuśença (plural) or inanimate: ël khosneçar, ël lovença.
As a rule, the form is -çar after a n ending and -ça in all other cases.
Idioms and proverbs >>
You cannot imagine is rendered by ći ʒal tǐ godǐ.
