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Superdial. E mutaciaça

15-to padmad video

[...]
Ita ël ćhavenqë xolova – kathe; tě kakosqo gad o parno, o nevo, haj vi o krem, o purano – akate sï vi o bodlo ël Romeosqo. Sǎ la familiaqë ćaràpe khëtane, duj trìkovǎ, de man i mesalin, naj śuki śukar, ka buxlǎrav la palem andre. Dikh: kërdǎs la tǐ phuri bibi, tǎ mamiaqi phen, ìnkë sï sar nevi – dikh save laćhe luludǎ sudǎs opre... Dombin sas voj.
i Tamàra- Ćaćes, kon aděs ʒanel te kërel gasavi xurdikani butǐ vastesqi? So te kërav la kurǎça? Ìnkë sï kingi haj phari.
i Bibi- Mek la and-i bradǐ. Buxlǎrav la me and-i najelin. Kaj sï lo ël śerandesqo fàkëlo? Aha, akate sï. Ita vi ël Romeosqo hoodie haj mo kardigan.
i Tamàra- Katar kindǎn kadaja blùza? Dikh so laćhe motìvurǎ si la... o śarel, laćhe ranga – kadava veś. Vi man sas duj gasave blùze, nùmaj na kadikita laćhe.
i Bibi- Andǎs len manqë tǒ kàko katar-i Italìa. Akana hurǎv tut sig te ʒas, akhar ël ćhaven, te hurǎven pen vi von sig thaj te aven te dikhas tiraxenqë. Las i ambrèla brśindesqi, kon ʒanel, śaj te ćhorel – dikh ël marutha kale.
i Tamàra- Aven ël ćhave, aśunav len...
i Bibi- Ah, te na bistrav, te kinav ël Markosqë neve baskètǎ vaś-o spòrti and-i śkòla.
i Tamàra- Kaj aśtisaras te arakhës?
i Bibi- K-o phuro, sï les sǎ: tiraxa, baskètǎ, mokasìne, krokodilesqë modèlǎ - raikane, sï les sandàle thaj vi curùlǎ, balerìne haj khërǎ sï les...
i Tamàra- ¿Modèlǎ vintagë sï les?
i Bibi- Ka pućhes les kòrkorri... ¿¿¿ Marko, Romeo, AVEN TUME ???

Today's topic 1 >>

You already went through a series of possessives forms of the 3rd person (his, her, their) based on the corresponding pronoun, built up from its B-ćham. Remember: laqo khër, laqi adrèsa (padmad 2) and lesqo amal (padmad 7), lesqi phen (pamad 8). One may consider them as adjectives of the buxlo type, but you may figure out now they consist in the B-ćham of the pronoun + -qo, -qi, -, namely a possessive postposition, which changes according to the gender, number and accidence of the POSSESSED item. Compare (in light blue, the occurences of the texts):

3rd person : B-ćham of pronoun

the possessed item is:

sing. masc.

sing. fem.

plural (both)

sing. masculine

les

lesqo amal

lesqi phen

lesqë (ćhave)

sing. feminine

la

laqo khër

laqi adrèsa

laqë (ćhave)

plural (both genders)

len

lenqo kher/amal

lenqi phen/adrèsa

lenqë (ćhave)

Note that his, her, their is rendered in this way only when the possessor IS NOT the subject of the clause. In other words, these possessive forms mean always somebody else's item, and nevera his, her, their own item. This will be exemplified later on.
To built a possessive expression including a noun, the same construction is therefoe required: possessor (here masculine) in B-ćham+ -qo, -qi, -qe, namely the possessive postposition,

as highlighted in the text if you click here >>


kàko > B-ćham kakos + -qo [the possessed item is sing. masc.] in kakosqo gad.
kàko > B-ćham kakos + -qi [the possessed item is sing. femc.] in kakosqi adrèsa.
kàko > B-ćham kakos + -qe [the possessed item is in the plural] in kakosqë ćhave.
The feminine possessor implies the same construction:
bibi > B-ćham bibia + -qo [the possessed item is sing. masc.] in bibiaqo gad.
bibi > B-ćham bibia + -qi [the possessed item is sing. femc.] in bibiaqi adrèsa.
bibi > B-ćham bibia + -qe [the possessed item is in the plural] in bibiaqe ćhave, as well as possessors in the plural.
ZU Click here to practice these structures >>
which are by the way common to all Northern languages of India.
The order «possessor + possessed item» or «possessed item + possessor» will be discussed later on.
About the alternative long form of the possessive postposition (-qoro, -qero, -qro) see GR.
The same long form is encountered in the Kannauj area (Northern India).

Today's topic 2 >>

As a rule, masculine nouns borrowed from European languages end in unstressed -o or -i depending on the local vernacular: motìvo or motìvi, spòrto or spòrti, stìlo or stìli, modèlo or modèli etc... with a plural A-ćham in -ǎ.
The i-ending is more common in, but not limited to, Southern areas. Some vernaculars (especially in Bulgaria and Slovakia) have the endings -is: motìvis, spòrtis etc... (sometimes also -os). In some words, the o-ending prevails: plàno.
Accordingly UNSTRESSED endings should not be confused with the STRESSED endings of inherited words, namely masc. o (padmad 12) and fem. i (padmad 13).
Similarly, feminine nouns borrowed from European languages end in unstressed -a: adrèsa, śkòla and form their plural A-ćham in -e.

masculine in unstressed -o or -i

feminine in unstressed -a

singular

plural

singular

plural

A-ćham

avokàti [-o]

avokàturǎ

avokàta

avokàte

B-ćham

avokates

avokatonen

avokata

avokaten

In the sing. masculine the ending of the B-ćham is (always stressed) -es, -os or more rarely -is, while it is -ěn or simply -en in the plural. In the sing. feminine the ending of the B-ćham is (always stressed) -a, while it is -en in the plural.

More >>

As mentionned in padmad 14, expressions of quantity do not use this construction but directly the A-ćham of the matter quantified: ëkh gono patàte (padmad 14), ëkh muśtek xaben (here), ëkh burnekh arro.
For local exceptions see GR.