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Superdial. E-bi mutaciaqo

4-to padmad video

i Tamàra- Alo, Mamo! Tu san ?
i dej- O mi ćhej! So keres ? Sar nakhes ?
i Tamàra- Laćhes sem, so keren tumen ?
i dej- Khànći, beśas…
i Tamàra- Sar si o pàpu ?
i dej- O pàpu sar pàpu! Jekh pàpu si amen: thov les, xalǎr les, buxlǎr les k-o kham – vov si…
i Tamàra- Ʒanav mi dej, ama tuqe phares…
i dej- So te kerav.. Barem si les humòri… A tu, so keres ? Xav xoli tuqe… Darav tuqe, kaj san dur thaj kòrkorri.
i Tamàra- Ma dara, naj sem cikni ćhorri, ni mekav e ʒuklen te xan mi rovli… Thaj akate si vi i bibi Dùda.
i dej- Laćhes phenes, ama ʒukela si but adǐves… Vi o pàpu daral tuqe. Ćaćes savorre akate daras thaj xas xoli tuqe. Ni pakǎs man ?
i Tamàra- Pakǎv, sar te na. Xal tumen i dar thaj izdran savorre manqe… Naśti te urǎn tar sar e ćirikle, naśti te prastan sar e śośoja. So keren me darutne manuśa ? Beśen thaj izdran p-o than…
i dej- Na, mi ćhej, ma asa amença. Naj tut ćhave, naśti hakǎres…
i Tamàra- Ʒanav, kerav pheras… Ko asal thaj gilabel anel loś an-o kher, na ?
i dej- Ćaćipe si tut… Lośavav kana tut aśunav sar asas. Haj phen akana, so si nevo odothe ? Aśta, marel manuś k-o vudar - ʒav te dikhav…

Today's topic 1 >>

verb > A-class > present > singular
click and you will see all present singular of verbs:

in yellow first person
in green second person
in blue third person.


click and you will see all present plural of verbs:

in yellow first person
in green second person
in blue third person.



You may notice the forms are very simple: all with vowel a instead of the alternance a/e/e in E-class verbs (this set of endings will be be further symbolized as Āl):

singular

plural

1-to

-av

-as

2-to

-as

-an

3-to

-al

-an

There are in Rromani altogether some 30 A-class verbs (list in GR); all others are E-class. There is no infinitive in common Rromani; therefore, the reference form of verbs in dictionaries is the 3rd singular of the present tense, which allows to identify if the verb at stake belongs to the E-class or the A-class.

ZU Click to exercise >>

Today's topic 2 >>

verb > E-class & A-class > imperative
click and you will see the imperative forms used in this padmad. Remember also other infinitives in the previous padmadǎ: aʒukǎr/aśugǎr!, dikh!, akhar!, phen!. To form the imperative

- most E-class verbs just drop the ending for the singular indicative, while the plural is in -en like the affirmative verb

- verbs with an accent (ròdel, vàzdel) use a final -e : rode! vazde!

- some verbs (to be seen later) use a final -i : ukli! climb, go up!

- A-class verbs just end with the -a- of the ending for the singular indicative, while the plural is in -an like the affirmative verb: dara be afraid! asan! laugh!

The word for interdiction (don't in forbidding) is ma in Western E-bi, which is more conservative, and na elsewhere:
sing.: ma/na aʒukǎr! don't wait! ma/na dikh! don't look! ma/na asa! don't laugh! plural: ma/na aʒukǎren! don't wait! ma/na dikhen! don't look! ma/na asan! don't laugh!

Idioms and proverbs >>

a) to express that one person (more seldom a thing) remains changeless, one says:
thov les, xelǎr les, buxlǎr les paś-i jag – vov si
feminine
thov la, xalǎr la, buxlǎr la k-o kham – voj si..
b) I can manage with intruders is rendered by na mukhav e ʒuklen te xan mi rovli.