i Bibi- De man śand, Tamaro. Te kamlǎn, śaj te keres pherasa te daça. Tut naj tut p-e dume i drez te ikǎres ʒivindo jekh kher duje cikne bengença, save ćhućharen o śudrarno angla so te pheres les...
i Tamàra- Oh, Bibi!e, ma xolav mança, ni kamlěm te azbavav tut... Hem ćaćes si zàla dilipe odova so phendem.
i Bibi- Na, naj ziand, sàmo sem khini kana dav godǐ sa so si man te kerav! Bićhalde palem lil katar-i kupatni, so si te peravas i verànda i kaśtuni so vazdlǎm pal-o kher!
i Tamàra- Sosqe? Si jekh berś ka kerden la! Ni phende khànći ʒi akana...
i Bibi- Phenen so navlèsa laćhe e lila so kerdam kana manglǎm i avtorizàcia. A me ʒanav so sàsa sa laćhe! Kerdam sa sar e duj paśatune amare, o gaʒo zerves thaj i phuri gaʒi daxnes kana kerde vi von piri verànda.
i Tamàra- Te kamlǎn, avav tuça, kerdem butǐ trin ćhon k-i kupatni an-i Bìstrica. Śaj avel manqe khajekh idèa xarani...
i Bibi- Mek, mek, kamlǒrri san. Mek te nakhel o abav. Ni kamav te lav man e gaʒença akana thaj te pharravav mo śero śele lilença. Dikhas i loś so tǒ kàko lel bora. Si te dikhas amen bute Rromença so uć dumutan ni dikhlǎm. Ni ʒal tǐ godǐ sar baron e ćhavrre thaj vi neve ćhavorre si!
Today's topic 1 >>
verb > past of E-verbs
Padmad 10 introduced the verbal pivot, a form which in addition to its fonction corresponding to the English past passive participle, is used to form the basic past tense by replacing the buxlo endings by the personal endings learnt in padmad 5 as illustrated below:
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present tense Ēs
-av -as
-es -en
-el -en
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stem + d after verb stems
ending in -r, -n, -v, -l
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basic past tense Ās -em -am
-ǎn -en
-ǎs -e
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stem + l after verb stems
ending in -s, -ś, -m, -ć, -ćh, -k, -kh
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Example with -d- (verbs ending in -r, -n, -v, -l) pherel to fill
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pherav pheras pheres pheren pherel pheren
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d
[pher-d-o filled, full]
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pher-d-ǒm pher-d-ǎm pher-d-ǎn pher-d-en pher-d-ǎs pher-d-e
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Example with -l- (verbs ending in -s, -ś, -m, -ć, -ćh, -k, -kh) kamel to love
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kamav kamas kames kamen kamel kamen
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l [kam-l-o [be]loved]
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kam-l-em kam-l-ǎm kam-l-ǎn kam-l-en kam-l-ǎs kam-l-e
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Verbs with irregular pivot form the basic past tense in the same way: sutem, ćhudtem.
Today's topic 2 >>
The particle (postposition) denoting the company or the instrument -ça
Padmad 8 provided you with both the A- and B-ćham of the personal pronouns and padmad 9 with the postposition -qe expressing the beneficiary. On the other hand, you have noticed in the previous padmadǎ B-ćham pronouns stuck with a comparable postposition -çar meaning with. Let us refresh our memory with the following table:
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singular
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plural
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cf. padmad
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cf. padmad
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1-to
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mança with me
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Nr. 3 & here
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amença with us
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Nr. 4
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2-to
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tuça with you
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here
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with you guys
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not met so far
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3-to
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with him
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not met so far
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lençar with them
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Nr. 10
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3-to
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with her
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not met so far
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You may infer that the missing forms ("not met so far") would be leça, laça and tumença (leçar and laçar are also possible yet very rare; they even don't exist outside the Southern Balkans).
Click here to highlight the the occurences in this text >>Languages express the relationship between the company or the instrument of an action and the verb meaning this action in various ways: by means of a preposition (like English with Indira), a postposition (like U.P. Hindi Indira sath, Turkish Indira ile or Hungarian Indiraval), an inflection (like Polish combination z Indirą) or even different more exotic ways.
The Rromani solution is the postposition -ça added to the B-ćham of the noun: e Indiraça and it applies to all nouns, be they animate: e daça, e manuśeça (sing.), e manuśença (plural) or inanimate: e khosneça, e lovença.
Idioms and proverbs >>
You cannot imagine is rendered by na ʒal ti godi.
