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Superdial. O-bi mutaciaqo

9-to padmad video

i Bibi- Laćhes, tu Tamaro, si tut so te des len. Aj avera, ¿ʒanes vareso? ¿Ti daj, avel ti daj?
i Tamàra- ¿¿Oj, k-o biav ma te avel?? Mi daj merel biavenqe, i angluni si oj te avel... Sar pućhes?
i Bibi- Pućhav. O pàpu si uć but phuro aj nasvalo, na ʒanav sar śaj mukhel les... Angleder, kana sine terneder, ov na mukhel sas biav bixalo, phirel sas kilomètre te aresel, sikavel sas amenqe i rovli aj phenel sas: ake mo vordon, na pinʒarel so si avarìa... Aj k-o than, khelel sas sar ternexar, ćaćes but bengalo sine mo dad...
i Tamàra- Vi akana si bengalo! Ami ti phen, ¿nane bengali vi oj? Mothovdǎs manqe o pàpu so kerel sas kana sine tikni...
i Bibi- Ee – ʒanav! Duj ćhave duj ćhia sine les, a i ćhaj i tikni bareder beng sar o duj ćhave... Ʒanav, śelvar śundǒm akaja gili... No, śukar, so kinel ti daj e ternenqe?
i Tamàra- Phendǎs so kamel te kinel sastrn.
i Bibi- ¿Sastrn? ¿Savo sastrn? ¿Te keren pètala e grastesqe? ¿Ja e xeresqe?
i Tamàra- Na, ma ker tut dili! Bengali sinan sas vi tu, aj bengali aćhilǎn... Sastrn gadenqe, mori bibi, te den sastrn o gada! Kamel te kinel lenqe sa i centràla: o sastrn, i bàza so tatǎrel o pani aj kerel vras thaj i phal.
i Bibi- Si denipe e borǎqe, na e duje ternenqe.
i Tamàra- Na, na, si buteder denipen e ʒamutresqe: jekh i bori na biral akaja buti, duj ov merel te del sastrn aj plus merel te iklǒl urǎvdo sar top-modèli, laćhardo krèsto!!! Sar o pàpu ʒi akana...

Today's topic 1 >>

verb > imperfect

Click here to highlight the continuous past >>

it is made with the particle sas added after the verb: phirel s/he walks, is walking > phirel sas s/he was walking, used to walk. The same is valid with the copula sinom I am > sinom sas I wasa – except at the third person: [i]si s/he is > [i]sine s/he was. Note that in colloquial speech, one may hear as or sa instead of the full form sas.

Today's topic 2 >>

The particle (postposition) denoting the beneficiary -qe

Click here to highlight >>

Padmad 8 provided you with both the A- and B-ćham of the personal pronouns (me, tu... & man, tut...). On the other hand, you have noticed in the previous padmadǎ expressions of beneficiary involving personal pronouns. Let us refresh our memory with the following table:

singular

plural

cf. padmad

cf. padmad

1-to

manqe for me

Nr. 2, 4, 5 & 8

amenqe for us

Nr. 7

2-to

tuqe for you

Nr. 4, 5 & 6

for you guys

not met so far

3-to

lesqe for him

Nr. 6 & 8

lenqe for them

Nr. 7

3-to

laqe for her

Nr. 2 & 8

You may infer immediately from this table that the particle added to the B-ćham of the pronoun indicates it represents the beneficiary of the action expressed by the verb and that accordingly the form meaning for youguys is tumenqe.
Languages express the relationship between the beneficiary of an action and the verb meaning this action in various ways: by means of a preposition (like English for Indira), a postposition (like Hindi Indira ko/kelie, Turkish Indira için or Hungarian Indiranak), an inflection (like Polish Indirze – beside the combination dla Indiry) or even different more exotic ways.
The Rromani solution is the postposition -qe added to the B-ćham of the noun: e Indiraqe and it applies to all nouns, be they animate: e ʒuklesqe, e manuśesqe (sing.), e manuśenqe (plural) or inanimate: e khosnesqe, e lovenqe.

GR Click here to see the tables and the different accidents of pronunciation occuring in the various Rromani vernaculars >>.

More >>

By the way you have probably noticed that the B-ćham of the article is e for all categories. As a result, the whole table of the article is as follows:

singular masc.

singular fem.

plural both genders

A-ćham

o

i

o

B-ćham

e

e

e