e Tamàra- Loś taj sastǐpo. Lala, but roves tut katar-o terne. Naj sa o terne taj o ternǎ mośale.
e lala- Te śunel tut o Del... Dikhav te butǎrne amaliněn, buter k-o telefòni beśen desar ćaćutne butǎça and-o vast.
e Tamàra- So kames te kines k-o piàci, lav jekh kotor lǐl, kerav e lìsta.
e lala- Sosqe? ¿Patǎs so bistrav me? Mukh o lǐla! ¿Naj tut godǐ te seres? Taj p-o than, puter tě jakha, dikh - pala so dikhes, kin tuqe!
e Tamàra- Feder te ovel amen lìsta desar te ʒas paleś pal-ado so bisterdǎm. Jekh, nakhas k-o tǐraxa. ¿Pal-odova ʒas k-o piàci vaj ròdas o denipo e ternenqe?
e lala- K-o piàci. O denipo śaj aźukarel, o perr – na... Kamav te kinav sira – aratǐ bisterdǒm, sa xalǎm, taj vi jekh safin puruma, trin kìli.
e Tamàra- Andǒm tuqe sira laćhe, taj hi vi jale puruma. Bisterdǒm te dav tut. E Màmi dias tuqe.
e lala- Nais, maj laćhe-j desar sa so bikinen o gaʒia k-o piàci! Ʒanel morri salǐ, me rromesqi pheń, so xav sa jale purumença kana avel lenqo vaxt, lenqo samaj. Las athòska tomàti, pàpriki, brinʒan taj lole mirśa, ito, te keras lença odo so phenas amen rromano xaben.
e Tamàra- Maj sikaves mange te siklǔvav vi me?
e lala- Na akanak, musaj te sigǎras te na astarel amen o briśind. Agorde e lìsta tǐri.
Today's topic 1 >>
Just as in the case of masculine nouns, the grammatical forms of Rromani feminine nouns are not the same in inherited and borrowed words. Let us systematize for the time being the grammatical forms of feminine inherited nouns. One has to distinguish among feminine nouns those ending with the stressed vowel -i and those ending in a consonant – let us see both cases with a boxlo adjective:
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vocalic (-o) ending
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consonantal ending
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singular
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plural
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singular
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plural
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A-ćham
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laćhi gaʒi
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laćhe gaʒia
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terni amalin
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terne amalinǎ
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B-ćham
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laćhe gaʒia
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laćhe gaʒien
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terne amalinǎ
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terne amaliněn
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Click here to see more examples in the text >>These are the most common forms but the ending -ia may be reduced to -ǎ: gaʒǎ.
In various O-bi vernaculars (in Slovakia for exemple or among Khorane Rroma in the Balkan), the singular of the feminine B-form has retained the old ending -a or -ǎ: pinʒarav laćhǎ gaʒia, beśav ma ternǎ amalinǎça.
This is frequent also in the plural of the B-form and it is even compulsory, when the adjectif stands as a noun like in Nane sa o ternǎ mośale/mośalǎ.
Remember that the B-ćham is used for nouns expressing people (or mammals) who UNDERGO the action of the verb of the sentence or are connected with a postposition;
ZU Click to switch to the appropriate game >>
Among feminine inherited nouns ending in consonant, some form their plural with –a and others with -ǎ: for example:
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singular
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plural in -a
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singular
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plural in -ǎ
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sir
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sira
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ćar
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ćarǎ
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sung
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sunga
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kher
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kherǎ
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jag
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jaga
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???
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ćhib
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ćhiba
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korr
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korrǎ
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dab
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daba
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???
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drakh
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drakha
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dafin
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dafinǎ
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purum
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puruma
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ćham
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ćhamǎ
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For more details, especially about differences between dialects, skip to GR.
Today's Topic 2 >>
If you click here ❏, you will highlight a series of nouns denoting things (including a hen, probably gutted, thus also an object) and these things UNDERGO the action expressed by the verb: lav jekh lǐl, kerav e lìsta, andǒm sira etc... Whereas in such a function nouns denoting humans and other mammals are in the B-ćham, note that nouns denoting things are all in the A-ćham, just as if they were subject of the clause. In addition, all nouns after prepositions (such as kathar- from, k- at, p- on, pal- after and all others) are also in the A-ćham. The whole situation may be summarized as follows:
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Function
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Humans & Animals
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Things & Ideas
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Doing the action (subject)
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A-ćham
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A-ćham
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After preposition
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A-ćham
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A-ćham
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Undergoing the action (object)
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B-ćham
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B-ćham
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Linked to a postposition
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B-ćham
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B-ćham
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or from another perspective:
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Humans and mammals
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Things and ideas
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direct construction
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subject
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object
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subject
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object
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A-ćham
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B-ćham
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A-ćham
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A-ćham
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indirect construction
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after prep.
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with post.
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after prep.
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with post.
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A-ćham
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B-ćham
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A-ćham
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A-ćham
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Note >>
Note the common construction of to give with B-ćham to denote the immediate beneficiary: bisterdǒm te dav tut, whereas the intended beneficiary is constructed with the -qe postposition: e lala dias tuqe.
